💐 In The Name Of Allah The Most Gracious The Most Merciful
📜 Question: Is it allowed/permissible to say Du'a during times outside of prayer, and the person is not in a state of purity (didn't perform wudhu/ablution), for instance when one is at work? Can one's supplication be responded to in this situation?
📝 Answer: Saying Du'a is legislated in every time, and it is not a condition to be in a state of purity. You may say Du'a in all circumstances, whether you are in a state of purity or janaaba (sexual impurity), or you are upon minor impurity (your wudhu/ablution was invalidated), or a woman is having her monthly period (menstruation) or nifaas (postpartum bleeding), saying Du'a is required or encouraged, as well as saying Dhikr. And from the Adhkaar which we can regularly say are: SubhanAllah, Alhamdulillah, Laa ilaaha ilAllah, and Allahu Akbar. Remembering Allah the Almighty can be done in any situation, even a woman is allowed to say Dhikr while she is menstruating or she has nifaas (postpartum bleeding), and the person who is in a state of janaaba (sexual impurity).
'Aisha RadhiAllahu 'anha narrated that the beloved Prophet Muhammad SallAllahu 'alaihi wa sallam would remember Allah whenever he could at all times. Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala says, "Verily, in the creation of the heavens and the earth and the alternation of the night and day are signs for those with reason (understanding, insight, enlightenment)." [Surah Aal-'Imraan verse 190] and Allah the Most Merciful says, "...those who remember Allah standing, and sitting, and on their sides." [Surah Aal-'Imraan verse 191]
So it is legislated for the believer to say Du'a in all circumstances. What is specifically forbidden for the person is reciting any verse from the Noble Qur'an while they are in a state of janaaba (sexual impurity).
And Allah the Most Kind says, "So once the prayer is completed, disperse throughout the land and seek from the bounty of Allah and remember Allah much so you become successful." [Surah Al-Jumuah verse 10]
The believer is ordered to remember Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala, saying Dhikr, always whether one is standing, sitting or reclining on one's side, and whether one is in a state of purity or not. When it comes to reciting some verses (aayaat) from the Noble Qur'an particularly, the Muslim can only recite if they are in a state of purity.
From the Fataawa of sheikh AbdulAziz Ibn Baz (May Allah have mercy on him. Ameen.)
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https://binbaz.org.sa/fatwas/19913/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%C2%A0%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%83%D9%84-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA%C2%A0%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9